Any complications or side effects of embryo freezing usually occur when the doctor is extracting the eggs.
Common side effects of extraction tend to be mild and temporary.
They include:
- cramping or bloating
- feeling full
- bleeding
- changes in vaginal discharge
- infection
- overstimulation of the ovaries
How long can embryos stay frozen?
The embryos remain in sealed containers at temperatures of -321ºF. At this temperature, almost no biological processes, such as aging, can occur.
There are examples of successful pregnancies resulting from eggs that people have stored for up to 10 years. No long-term research into embryo freezing exists because doctors have only been carrying out the procedure since 1983.
Some countries regulate the length of time that a person can store their embryos. Freezing and storage are expensive, and each clinic has its own rules about what happens if a person can no longer use their embryos or keep them frozen.
Frozen or fresh embryos?
A study published in the International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine looked at the results of over 1,000 instances of embryo transfer involving either fresh or frozen embryos.
The researchers found no statistical difference between the types of embryos, in terms of pregnancy rates or fetal health. The authors pointed out that people could use frozen, but not fresh, embryos for additional transfers in the future.
Other studies suggest that transferring frozen embryos may be more effective.
Results of research published in 2014 indicate that frozen embryo transfer might lead to a higher rate of pregnancy and better outcomes for both the woman and baby.
Who can benefit?
Embryo freezing may be a better option for certain groups, such as:
- people with genetic disorders that affect reproduction
- people who will soon undergo chemotherapy
- people who take medications that affect fertility
- same-sex couples and other LGBTQ+ people who wish to have children
- Some hospitals offer services specifically for the LGBTQ+ community.
People who are approaching an advanced reproductive age and who are not yet ready to have children may also benefit from freezing embryos for later use.
Freeze-all cycles
In a freeze-all cycle, a doctor extracts an embryo, freezes it, and stores it.
People may benefit from this process if they have a higher risk of ovarian stimulation syndrome. This is a rare and potentially dangerous condition that can arise when a person is receiving stimulating hormones to increase egg production.
To reduce the risk of this condition, a doctor may recommend freezing the embryo and transferring it when the ovaries are no longer stimulated.
A doctor can also use a freeze-all cycle to test an embryo for a genetic disorder. This involves removing a few strands of DNA and testing the chromosomes.
Embryos with a standard set of chromosomes are more likely to transfer successfully. Prescreening can ensure that future offspring have a lower chance of developing genetic diseases.
Outlook
Embryo freezing is relatively safe and often leads to a successful pregnancy and delivery.
Possible risks include a slightly higher chance of genetic abnormalities in the child. It is important to note that, because this is a new procedure, the long-term health effects are not yet clear.
Also, women who become pregnant at a later age have a higher risk of complications.
In addition, fertility treatment can lead to ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. In fewer than 2 percent of cases, symptoms are severe, but they are unlikely to be life-threatening.
Finally, treatment can be costly. However, it offers a wider range of options for people who wish or need to delay pregnancy, or who may otherwise be unable to conceive.
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