Definition of infertility
A diagnosis of infertility means you haven’t been able to get pregnant after a year of trying. If you’re a woman over 35, it means you haven’t been able to get pregnant after 6 months of trying.
Women who are able to conceive but not carry a pregnancy to term may also be diagnosed with infertility.
A woman who’s never been able to get pregnant will be diagnosed with primary infertility. A woman who’s had at least one successful pregnancy in the past will be diagnosed with secondary infertility.
Infertility isn’t just a woman’s problem. Men can be infertile too. In fact, men and women are equally likely to have fertility problems.
According to the Office on Women’s HealthTrusted Source, about one-third of infertility cases can be attributed to female infertility while men’s problems account for another third of infertility cases.
The remaining third of cases may be caused by a combination of male and female infertility, or they may have no known cause.
Causes of male infertility
Generally speaking, infertility in men is related to issues with the following:
- effective production of sperm
- sperm count, or the number of sperm
- shape of the sperm
- movement of the sperm, which includes both the wiggling motion of the sperm themselves and the transport of the sperm through the tubes of the male reproductive system
There are a variety of risk factors, medical conditions, and medications that can also affect fertility.
Risk factors
Risk factors associated with infertility in men include, but aren’t limited to:
- older age
- smoking cigarettes
- heavy use of alcohol
- being overweight or obese
- exposure to toxins, such as pesticides, herbicides, and heavy metals
Medical conditions
Some examples of medical conditions that can cause male infertility include:
- retrograde ejaculation
- varicocele, or the swelling of the veins around the testicles
- testicles that haven’t descended into the scrotum
- having antibodies that attack your sperm and destroy them
- a hormonal imbalance, such as low testosterone production
Medications and drugs
Various medications and drugs can also affect male fertility, such as:
- chemotherapy or radiation therapy, which are used for cancer
- sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, Azulfidine EN-Tabs), which is used for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or ulcerative colitis (UC)
- calcium channel blockers, which are used for high blood pressure
- tricyclic antidepressants
- anabolic steroids, which are used for improved athletic performance or hormonal issues such as delayed puberty
- recreational drugs such as marijuana and cocaine
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