The menstrual cycle :-
This is the series of events occurring in the females every 28 to 30 days through out the child bearing the period of about 36 years. The gamete formation in female is a cyclic activity that takes about 28/29 days and involves changes on the structure and function of the entire reproductive system. It is called as menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle occur only in primates . (Monkey, apes and Human being). The first mensuration begins at puberty and is called as menarche. The menstrual cycle in human last at 28 to 30 days. In human females, menstrual cycle ceases around 50 years of age and this stage is term as menopause.
The menstrual cycle consists of 3 phases :-
1) Follicular Or proliferating phase
2) Luteal Or secretory phase
3) Menstrual Or bleeding phase
Proliferative phase : At this stage an ovarian follicle, stimulate by FSH is growing towards the maturity and is producing oestrogen, which stimulates proliferation of functional layers of the endometrium in preparation for the reception of a fertilized ovum . The endometrium thickens, become vascular and rich in mucus secreting glands. This phase ends when ovulation occurs and oestrogen production by the follicles decline.
Secretory phase : after ovulation, the cells lining the ovarian follicles are stimulate by LH and develop into the corpus luteum, which produce progesterone and some oestrogen. Cervical mucus, normally thick, dry become thin elastic And watery and body temperature rises by small but measurable amount immediately following ovulation.
Some women experience abdominal discomfort in the middle of the cycle, thought to correspond to rupture of the follicle .
Menstrual phase : the phase last for 3-4 days .If the fertilization not occur, the secondary oocyte undergoes autolysis and progesterone inhibit the release of LH from pituitary.
Reduction of LH hormone . The lining of fallopian tube break down. The cast off uterine and fallopian tube tissue, blood that oozes from rapture endometrial blood vessels and tissue fluid from the endometrial surface pass out through the vaginal opening , this process is called mensuration or menstrual flow.
In some females the menstrual cycle is irregular due to some reason. The reason for irregular menstrual flow are:-
• Having an intrauterine device (IUD)
• Changing birth control pills or using certain medications
• Too much exercise
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• Pregnancy
• Stress
• Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) or underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism
• Thickening of or polyps on the uterine lining
• Uterine fibroids
• Thyroid problems
• Endometriosis
• Lack of luteinising hormone (LH)and follicles stimulating hormone (FSH)
• High body weight
• Low body weight
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